Learning Objectives
            Exam III
               
          Chapter 9: Carbohydrates and Glycogenates
           
            •Know structures of monosaccharides (n=3, plus important n=4,5,6 sugars)

            •Differentiate aldoses and ketoses

            •Understand chirality and stereoisomers (enantiomers, diasteriomers); structural isomers

            •Be able to draw cyclization and anomeric configurations, chair and boat conformations, axial and equatorial orientations

            •Know derivatives of monosaccharides: phosphates, acids and lactones, alditols, amino sugars, glycosides

            •Understand glycosidic bonding

            •Know important polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, chitin)

            •Understand what glycoproteins are and their diverse functions

          Chapter 10: Lipids, Membranes, and Cellular Transport
           

            •Know structure of fatty acids, and 18:2D9,12 nomenclature (not trivial names)

            •Know triacylglycerol structure and properties

            •Know glycerophospholipids structures and properties

            •Know sphingolipids structures and properties, gangliosides

            •Know steroids structure and properties

            •Understand the Fluid Mosaic Model for membranes

            •Be familiar with integral, peripheral, lipid anchored proteins

            •Know characteristics of transmembranous proteins

            •Understand cytoskeleton, effects on allowed motions of proteins in membrane

            •Understand the thermodynamics of transport across membranes

            •Describe and differentiate: passive, facilitated, and active transport

            •Understand principles of excitable membranes and neurotransmission

          Chapter 11: Enzymes
           

            •Know principles of catalysis

            •Know thermodynamic factors in catalysis

            •Describe transition state theory

            •Use Michaelis-Menten Kinetics and Lineweaver-Burk Plots

            •Describe or Identify Competitive, Noncompetitive, and Uncompetitive Inhibition

            •Do Km, Vmax, and Ki graphical determinations (if replot is given)

            •Know temperature and pH effects

            •Describe allosteric inhibition and activation

            •Give examples of covalent regulation-- Types, Reversible, Irreversible

            •Four models of allosteric regulation: MWC, KNF, Multi-state, Protein-Dynamic

            •Synthesis and degradation as a means of regulation

            •Describe binding effects--proximity effect

            •Describe general acid-base catalysis, pH effects

            •Electrostatic interactions

            •Specific group catalysis

            •Transition state stabilization

            •Catalytic antibodies

            •Description of a provided enzyme mechanism

            •Describe the roles of coenzymes. How are they different from and how do they assist enzymes?

            •Roles of ATP, NAD, FAD

            •Vitamins as sources for essential coenzymes