Learning Objectives for Exam I

Chapter 17:  Photosynthesis

      • Basic structures of chloroplast (know them as well as your instructor!)

      • The Light Reactions:

Photosystem II

Photosystem I

cytochrome bf complex

plastoquinone

plastocyanin

ferridoxin

ferridoxin:NADP Reductase

CF0-CF1 ATP synthase

      • Z-scheme versus cyclic electron flow (versus bacterial photosystems)

      • The Dark Reactions: 

Calvin Cycle metabolites reactions through G3P

energy requirements

      • Regulation of photosynthesis

      • Photorespiration of RubisCO, C4 Cycle

 

Chapter 18:  Lipid Metabolism I

            • Sources of FA’s

            • Fat digestion, absorption;  Lipoprotein transporters

            • LDL receptors and Cholesterol regulation

            • Mobilization of stored fat

hormonal signals

cAMP cascade

            • b-oxidation

structures

mechanism

cofactors

number of cycles

high energy molecules produced

            • Compare FA oxidation to glucose oxidation (number of ATP produced)

            • Unsaturated FA oxidation

            • Fates of acetyl-CoA: 

TCA cycle

ketone bodies

cholesterol

FA synthesis

            • FA biosynthesis

structures

mechanism

cofactors

number of cycles

energy

precursors used

            • Structure of FA synthase (dimer with swinging ACP arm)

            • Regulation of FA metabolism

            • Synthesis of triacylglycerols

 

 

Chapter 19:  Lipid Metabolism II

            • Identify location of portions of lipid biosynthesis

            • Know synthesis of simple lipids:

phosphatidic acid

phosphatidyl serine, etc.

            • Activation utilized for more complex head groups

            • Compare prokaryotic to eukaryotic biosyntheses

            • Actions of specific phospholipase classes (A1, A2, C, D)

            • Mammalian cells utilize phospholipids for many  purposes:      

energy storage (TAG’s)

important in cellular regulation and tissue signaling

anchoring of proteins, etc.

            • Structure and uses of sphingolipids, ceramides; importance in inherited diseases

            • Cholesterol biosynthesis structures to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (isoprene)

            • General description of rest of pathway (C5--->C15, etc.)

            • Mechanism of squalene cyclase (electronic transition then methyl and hydride shifts)

            • Regulation of cholesterol synthesis

            • Lipoprotein carriers of

cholesterol

TAG’s

phospholipids--roles (see Chpt.18)

            • Bile acids and digestion

            • Steroid hormones

• Other isoprenoid compounds

•  general structures/uses of vit. A, D, E, K and terpenes

• Eicosanoids:  derivatives of arachidonic acid: 

prostaglandins

thromboxanes

leukotrienes (functions)