That Will Be Helpful to Students in

Organic Chemistry I and II

Be able to identify the regions of the periodic table where metals, nonmetals and transition metals are found.

 

Know what is meant by the terms: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, inert (or

noble) gases.

 

Be able to use the periodic table to figure out how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom of any given element, how many electrons are in the orbits around the nucleus of that atom, and how many of those electrons are in the outermost shell.

 

Know the symbols for the following elements and where they appear in the periodic table: hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, copper, zinc, silver, mercury, chromium, manganese, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine. Which ones exist in nature as diatomic molecules?

 

Know the symbols, electron configurations, or electron-dot formulas for, and the

charges on, ions such as: sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide ions, sulfide ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, carbonate ion, bicarbonate (or hydrogen carbonate) ion, hydroxide ion, hydrogen sulfate ion, ammonium ion.

 

Be able to write correct Lewis Structures for compounds such as: water, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, bicarbonate ion, sulfate ion, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, copper.

 

Be able to use the periodic table to find the atomic weights of elements and to calculate the molecular weights (or formula weights) of compounds.

Be able to balance a chemical equation.

 

Be able to do calculations involving moles and molarity. For

example:

 

             1.A solution of sodium hydroxide that is approximately 0.1 M is prepared by

               dissolving solid sodium hydroxide in water. How much sodium hydroxide

               would you weigh out in order to make 500 mL of such a solution?

 

             2.The exact concentration of the solution was determined by titrating samples

               of benzoic acid, C₆H₅CO₂H, with the base solution; 261 mg of benzoic acid

               reacted with 21.20 mL of the solution of base.

 

                  a.How many moles of benzoic acid are there in 261 mg of the the

                    acid? How many mmoles is this equivalent to?

 

                  b.One mole of benzoic acid reacts with one mole of sodium hydroxide.

                    How many moles of sodium hydroxide must there be in 21.20 mL of

                    the solution of the base? How many mmoles?

 

                  c.What is the exact concentration, the exact molarity, of the base

                    solution?

Know what is meant by "the pressure of a gas" and how it varies with changes in temperature and volume.

 

Know what is meant by the boiling point or the melting point of a substance.

 

Know the difference between an element and a compound; a mixture and a compound; a compound and a solution.

 

Know the difference between an ionic compound and a covalent compound.

 

Know what electronegativity is and how it can be used to predict polarity of

covalent molecules.

 

Know how van der Waal forces (London forces), dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding relate to physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and solubility.

 

Know what the heat of a reaction (DH) is.

 

Know what an acid or a base is, as well as which acids and which bases are strong.

 

Know what is meant by "oxidation" and by "reduction".