REFERENCES
  1. Andrew, G. C. The effect of running velocity on rearfoot motion and mediolateral placement of the feet. Master’s thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1986.
  2. Areblad, M., B. M. Nigg, J. Ekstrand, K. D. Olsson, and H. Ekstrom. Three-dimensional measurement of rearfoot motion during running. J. Biomech. 23:933-940, 1990.
  3. Austin, W. Shin splints with underlying posterior tibial tendonitis: a case report. J. Sports Chir. Rehabil. 10:163-168, 1996.
  4. Bahlsen, A. The etiology of running injuries: a longitudinal prospective study. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, 1988.
  5. Bates, B. T., L. R. Osternig, B. Mason, and S. L. James. Foot orthotic devices to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics. Am. J. Sports Med. 7:342-388, 1979.
  6. Bates, B. T., L. R. Osternig, B. Mason, and S. L. James. Lower extremity function during the support phase of running. In: Biomechanics VI-B, P. E. Asmussen and K. Jorgensen (Eds). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, 1979, pp. 30-39.
  7. Bates, B. T., L. R. Osternig, B. R. Mason, and S. L. James. Functional variability of the lower extremity during the support phase of running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 11:328-331, 1979.
  8. Bloedel, P. K. and B. Hauger. The effects of limb length discrepancy on subtalar joint kinematics during running. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 22:60-64, 1995.
  9. Brody, D. M. Running injuries. CIBA Clin. Symp. 32:15, 1980.
  10. Brown, P. B., R. Donatelli, P. A. Catlin, and M. J. Wooden. The effect of two types of foot orthoses on rearfoot mechanics. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 21:258-267, 1995.
  11. Brunet, M. E., S. D. Cook, M. R. Brinker, and J. A. Dickinson. A survey of running injuries in 1505 competitive and recreational runners. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 30:307-314, 1990.
  12. Cavanagh, P. R. The biomechanics of lower extremity action in distance running. Foot Ankle 7:197-217, 1987.
  13. Cibulka, M. T., D. R. Sinacore, and M. J. Mueller. Shin splints and forefoot contact running: a case report. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 20:98-102, 1994.
  14. Clancy, W. G. Runners injuries. Part II. Evaluation and treatment of specific injuries. Am. J. Sports Med. 8:287-289, 1980.
  15. Clarke, T. E., E. C. Frederick, and C. L. Hamill. The effects of shoe design parameters on rearfoot control in running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 15:376-381, 1983.
  16. Clarke, T. E., E. C. Frederick, and C. L. Hammill. The study of rearfoot movement in running. In: Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces, E. C. Frederick, (ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1984, pp. 166-189.
  17. Clarke, T. E., M. A. Lafourtune, K. R. Williams, and P. R. Cavanagh. The relationship between center of pressure and rearfoot movement in distance running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 12:192, 1980.
  18. Clement, D. B., J. E. Tauton, G. W. Smart, and K. L. McNichol. A survey of overuse running injuries. Phys. Sportsmed. 9:47-58, 1981.
  19. Cole, G. K., B. M. Nigg, J. L. Ronsky, and M. R. Yeadon. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J. Biomech. Eng. 115:344-349, 1993.
  20. Cook, S. D., M. A. Kester, and M. E. Brunet. Shock absorption characteristics of running shoes. Am. J. Sports Med. 13:248-253, 1985.
  21. Cook, S. D., M. R. Brinker, and M. Poche. Running shoes: their relationship to running injuries. Sports Med. 10:1-8, 1990.
  22. Cornwall, M. W. and T. G. McPoil. Reducing two dimensional rearfoot motion variability during the stance phase of walking. J. Biomech. 24:743-749, 1991.
  23. DeClereq, D., P. Aerts, and M. Kunnen. The mechanical characteristics of the human heel pad during foot strike in running: an in vivo cineradiographic study. J. Biomech. 27:1213-1222, 1994.
  24. Devita, P. and B. T. Bates. Shoe evaluation methodology for ground reaction force data. In: Biomechanics XI-B, G. DeGroot, A. P. Hollander, P. A. Hying, and G. J. Van Ingen Schnenau (Eds.). Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1988, pp. 705-709.
  25. DeWit, B., D. DeClercq, and M. Lenoir. The effect of varying midsole hardness on impact forces and foot motion during foot contact in running. J. Appl. Biomech. 11:395-406, 1995.
  26. Donatelli, R. Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 9:11-16, 1987.
  27. Edington, C. J., E. C. Frederick, and P. R. Cavanagh. Rearfoot motion in distance running. In: Biomechanics of Distance Running, P. R. Cavanagh, (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990, pp. 135-164.
  28. Elliot, B. C., B. A. Blanksby. The synchronization of muscle activity and body segment during a running cycle. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 11:322-327, 1979.
  29. Eng, J. J. and M. R. Pierrynowski. The effect of soft foot orthotics on three-dimensional lower limb kinematics during walking and running. Phys. Ther. 74:836-844, 1994.
  30. Engsberg, J. R. and J. G. Andrews. Kinematic analysis of the talocalcaneal/talocrural joint during running support. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19:275-284, 1987.
  31. Feltner, M. E., H. S. H. Macrae, P. G. Macrae, N. S. Turner, C. A. Hartman, M. L. Summers, and M. D. Welch. Strength training effects on rearfoot motion in running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26:1021-1027, 1994.
  32. Ferrandis, R., A. García, J. Ramiro, J. Hoyos, and P. Vera. Rearfoot motion and torsion in running: the effects of upper vamp stabilizers. J. Appl. Biomech. 10:28-42, 1994.
  33. Fredrick E. Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design: a review. J. Sports Sci. 4:169-184, 1986.
  34. Grimes, D. W., D. Bennion, and K. Blush. Functional foot reconditioning exercises. Am. J. Sports Med. 6:194-198, 1978.
  35. Gross, M. L., L. B. Davlin, and P. M. Evanski. Effectiveness of orthotic shoe inserts in the long-distance runner. Am. J. Sports Med. 19:409-412, 1991.
  36. Hamill, J., B. T. Bates, and K. G. Holt. Timing of lower extremity joint actions during treadmill running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:807-813, 1992.
  37. Hamill, J., M. J. Milliron, and J. A. Healy. Stability and rearfoot motion testing: a proposed standard. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Conference and Symposium, W. Herzog (Ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Society of Biomechanics, 1994, pp. 324-325.
  38. Hamill, J., M. Murphy, and D. Sussman. The effects of track turns on lower extremity function. Int. J. Sports Biomech. 3:276-286, 1987.
  39. Hamill, J., P. S. Freedson, W. Boda, and F. Reichsman. Effects of shoe type on cardiorespiratory responses and rearfoot motion during treadmill running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 20:515-521, 1987.
  40. Hintermann, B. and B. M. Nigg. Pronation in runners: implications for injuries. Sports Med. 26:169-176, 1998.
  41. James, S. L. and D. C. Jones. Biomechanical aspects of distance running injuries. In: Biomechanics of Distance Running, P. R. Cavanagh, (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990, pp. 249-269.
  42. James, S. L., B. T. Bates, and L. R Osternig. Injuries in runners. Am. J. Sports Med. 6:40-50, 1978.
  43. Kaelin, X., E. Unold, E. Stuessi, A. Stacoff. Interindividual and intraindividual variabilities in running. In: Biomechanics IX-B, D. A. Winter, R. W. Norman, R. P. Wells, K. C. Hayes, and A. E. Patla (Eds.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1985, pp. 356-360.
  44. Kernozek, T. W. and M. D. Richard. Foot placement angle and arch type: effect on rearfoot motion. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 71:988-991, 1990.
  45. Kernozek, T. W. and N. L. Greer. Quadriceps angle and rearfoot motion: relationship in walking. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 74:407-410, 1993.
  46. Kinosita, H., B. T. Bates, and P. DeVita. Intertrial variability for selected running gait parameters. In: Biomechanics IX-A, D. A. Winter, R. W. Norman, R. P. Wells, K. C. Hayes, and A. E. Patla (Eds.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1985, pp. 499-502.
  47. Klingman, R. E., S. M. Liaos, and K. M. Hardin. The effect of subtalar joint posting on patellar glide position in subjects with excessive rearfoot pronation. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 25:185-191, 1997.
  48. Lysholm, J. and J. Wilander. Injuries in running. Am. J. Sports Med. 15:168-171, 1987.
  49. MacIntyre, J. G., J. E. Tauton, D. B. Clement, D. R. Lloyd-Smith, D. C. McKenzie, and R. W. Morrell. Running injuries: a clinical study of 4173 cases. Clin. J. Sports Med. 1:81-87, 1991.
  50. Mann, R. A., D. E. Baxter, and L. D. Lutter. Running symposium. Foot Ankle 1:190-224, 1981.
  51. McClay, I. and R. Manal. Coupling parameters in runners with normal and excessive pronation. J. Appl. Biomech. 13:109-124, 1997.
  52. McKenzie, D. C., D. B. Clement, and J. D. Tauton. Running shoes, orthotics and injuries. Sports Med. 2:334-337, 1985.
  53. Milani, T. L., G. Schnabel, and E. M. Hennig. Rearfoot motion and pressure distribution pattern during running in shoes with varus and valgus wedges. J. Appl. Biomech. 11:177-187, 1995.
  54. Mueller, M. J. and B. J. Norton. Reliability of kinematic measurements of rear-foot motion. Phys. Ther. 72:731-737, 1992.
  55. NAC Image Technology, 2245 First Street, Unit 108, Simi Valley, California 93065 USA.
  56. Nawoczenski, D. A., T. M. Cook, and C. L. Saltzman. The effect of foot orthotics on three-dimensional kinematics of the leg and rearfoot during running. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 21:317-327, 1995.
  57. Nigg, B. M. and B. Segesser. Biomechanical and orthopedic concepts in sport shoe construction. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:595-602, 1992.
  58. Nigg, B. M. and H. A. Bahlsen. Influence of heel flare and midsole construction on pronation, supination, and impact forces for heel-toe running. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 4:205-219, 1988.
  59. Nigg, B. M. and M. Morlock. The influence of lateral heel flare on running shoes on pronation and impact forces. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19:294-301, 1987.
  60. Nigg, B. M. Biomechanical aspects of running. In: Biomechanics of Running Shoes, B. M. Nigg, (Ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986, pp. 1-25.
  61. Nigg, B. M. Experimental techniques used in running shoe research. In: Biomechanics of Running Shoes, B. M. Nigg, (Ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986, pp. 27-61.
  62. Nigg, B. M., A. H. Bahlsen, J. Denoth, S. M. Luethi, and A. Stacoff. Factors influencing kinetic and kinematic variables in running. In: Biomechanics of Running Shoes, B. M. Nigg (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986, pp. 139-159.
  63. Nigg, B. M., G. Eberle, D. Frey, S. Luethi, B. Segesser, and B. Weber. Gait analysis and sport shoe construction. In: Biomechanics VI-A, E. Asmussen and K. Joergensen (Eds.). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, 1978, pp. 303-309.
  64. Nigg, B. M., G. K. Cole, and W. Nachbauer. Effects of arch height of the foot angular motion of the lower extremities in running. J. Biomech. 26:909-916, 1993.
  65. Nigg, B. M., R. W. DeBoer, and V. Fisher. A kinematic comparison of overground and treadmill running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27:98-105, 1995.
  66. Peak Performance Technologies Incorporated, 7388 South Revere Parkway, Suite 601, Englewood, Colorado 80112 USA.
  67. Reber, L., J. Perry, and M. Pink. Muscular control of the ankle in running. Am. J. Sports Med. 21:805-810, 1993.
  68. Robbins, S. E. and A. M. Hanna. Running related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19:148-156, 1987.
  69. Robbins, S. E. and G. J. Gouw. Athletic footware and chronic overloading: a brief review. Sports Med. 9:76-85, 1990.
  70. Robbins, S. E. and G. J. Gouw. Athletic footware: unsafe due to perceptual illusions. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23:217-224, 1991.
  71. Robbins, S. E., A. M. Hanna, and G. J. Gouw. Overload protection: avoidance response to heavy plantar surface loading. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 20:85-92, 1988.
  72. Robbins, S. E., A. M. Hanna, and L. Jones. Sensory attenuation induced by modern athletic footwear. J Testing Eval. 16:412-416, 1988.
  73. Robbins, S. E., G. J. Gouw, and A. M. Hanna. Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21:130-139, 1989.
  74. Rodgers, M. Dynamic foot biomechanics. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 16:306-316, 1995.
  75. Scott, S. H. and D. A. Winter. Internal forces at chronic running injury sites. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22:357-269, 1990.
  76. Scott, S. H. and D. A. Winter. Talocrural and talcalcaneal joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. J. Biomech. 24:743-752, 1991.
  77. Siegler, S., J. Chen, and C. D. Schneck. The three-dimensional kinematics and flexibility characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joint. J. Biomech. Eng. 110:364-373, 1988.
  78. Smith, L. S., T. E. Clarke, C. L. Hamill, and F. Santopietro. The effect of soft and semi-rigid orthoses upon rearfoot movement in running. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 76:227-233, 1986.
  79. Soutas-Little, R. W., G. C. Beavis, M. C. Verstraete, and T. L. Markus. Analysis of foot motion during running using a joint co-ordinate system. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19:285-293, 1987.
  80. SPSS for Windows, Release 10. 0. 7, June 1, 2000. SPSS Inc. Headquarters, 233 S. Wacker Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606 USA
  81. Stacoff, A. and S. M. Luethi. Special aspects of shoe construction and foot anatomy. In: Biomechanics of Running Shoes, B. M. Nigg (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986, pp. 117-137.
  82. Stacoff, A., C. Reinschmidt, and E. Stüssi. The movement of the heel within a running shoe. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:695-701, 1992.
  83. Stacoff, A., J. Denoth, X. Kaelin, and E. Stuessi. Running injuries and shoe construction: some possible relationships. J. Sports Biomech. 4:342-357, 1988.
  84. Stacoff, A., X. Kaelin, E. Stuessi, and B. Segesser. The torsion of the foot in running. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 5:375-389, 1989.
  85. Stacoff, A., X. Kalin, and E. Stussi. The effects of shoes on the torsion and rearfoot motion in running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23:482-490, 1991.
  86. Stewart, S. F. Physiology of the unshod and shod foot with an evolutionary history of footgear. Am. J. Surg. 68:127-138, 1945.
  87. Tauton, J. E., D. C. McKenzie, and D. B. Clement. The role of biomechanics in the epidemiology of injury. Sports Med. 6:107-120, 1988.
  88. Vagenas, G. and B. Hoshizaki. A multivariate analysis of lower extremity kinematic asymmetry in running. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 8:11-29, 1992.
  89. Vagenas, G. and B. Hoshizaki. Evaluation of rearfoot asymmetries in running with worn and new running shoes. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 4:220-230, 1988.
  90. VanGheluwe, B., R. Tielemans, and P. Roosen. The influence of heel counter rigidity on rearfoot motion during running. J. Appl. Biomech. 11:47-67, 1995.
  91. VanWoensel, W. and P. R. Cavanagh. A perturbation study of lower extremity motion during running. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 8:30-37, 1992.
  92. Viitasalo, J. T., M. Kvist. Some biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with and without shin splints. Am. J. Sports Med. 11:125-130, 1983.
  93. Williams, K. R. and J. L. Ziff. Changes in distance running mechanics due to systematic variations in running style. Int. J. Sport Biomech. 7:76-90, 1991.
  94. Williams, K. R. Biomechanics of running. In: Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, R. L. Terjung (Ed.). New York, NY: McMillian Publishing, 1985, pp. 389-442. Correct publisher.
  95. Williams, K. R., P. R. Cavanagh, and J. L. Ziff. Biomechanical studies of elite female distance runners. Int. J. Sports Med. 8[suppl]:107-118, 1987.
  96. Winter, D. A. Kinematics and kinetic patterns in human gait: variability and compensating effects. Mov. Sci. 3:51-76, 1984.
  97. Winter, D. A. Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait. J. Biomech. 13:923-927, 1980.
  98. Winter, D. A., H. G. Sidwall, and D. A. Hobson. Measurement and reduction of noise in kinematics of locomotion. J. Biomech. 7:157-159, 1974.
  99. Wood, G. A. Data smoothing and differentiation procedures in biomechanics. In: Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, R. L. Terjung (Ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Journal Publisher Affiliates, 1982, pp. 308-362.